Stefan’s Diaries: Origins Chapter 12

I'm not sure if it was the fresh air or the flowers Emily had brought me, but I slept soundly that night. The next morning I woke up to bright sunlight in my chambers and, for the first time since Rosalyn's death, didn't bother to drink the concoction Cordelia had left on my nightstand. The smell of cinnamon and eggs floated up from the kitchen, and I heard the snort of the horses as Alfred hitched them outside. For a second, I felt a thrill of possibility and the nascent bud of happiness. â€Å"Stefan!† my father boomed on the other side of the door, rapping three times with his walking stick or riding crop. Just like that, I remembered all that had transpired in the past week, and my malaise returned. I remained silent, hoping he'd simply go away. But instead he swung the door open. He was wearing his riding breeches and carried his black riding crop, a smile on his face and a sprig of a violet flower in his lapel. It was neither pretty nor fragrant; in fact, it looked like one of the herbs Cordelia grew down by the servants' quarters. â€Å"We're going riding,† Father announced as he swung open the shutters. I shaded my eyes against the glare. Was the world always so bright? â€Å"This chamber needs to be cleaned and you, my boy, need sun.† â€Å"But I should really attend to my studies,† I said, gesturing limply to the volume of Macbeth open on my desk. Father took the book and closed it with a definitive clap. â€Å"I need to speak to you and Damon, away from any prying ears.† He glanced suspiciously around the chambers. I followed his gaze but saw nothing except for a collection of dirty dishes that Cordelia hadn't yet cleared. As if on cue, Damon strode into the room, wearing a pair of mustard-colored breeches and his gray Confederate coat. â€Å"Father!† Damon rolled his eyes. â€Å"Don't tell me you're on about that demon nonsense again.† â€Å"It's not nonsense!† Father roared. â€Å"Stefan, I'll see you and your brother at the stable,† he said, turning on his heel and striding out. Damon shook his head, then followed him, leaving me to change. I put on my full riding costume–a gray waistcoat and brown breeches–and sighed, not sure I had enough strength to ride or to endure another marathon bickering session between my father and brother. When I opened the door, I found Damon standing at the bottom of the curved staircase, waiting. â€Å"Feeling better, brother?† Damon asked as we walked out the door and across the lawn together. I nodded, even as I noticed the spot under the willow tree where I'd found Rosalyn. The grass willow tree where I'd found Rosalyn. The grass was long and bright green, and squirrels were darting around the tree's gnarled trunk. Sparrows chirped, and the drooping branches of the weeping willow looked lush and full of promise. There was no sign that anything had been amiss. I breathed a sigh of relief when we reached the stable, inhaling the familiar, loved scent of well- oiled leather and sawdust. â€Å"Hi, girl,† I whispered into Mezzanotte's velvety ear. She whinnied in appreciation. Her coat seemed silky-smooth, even more so than the last time I'd brushed it. â€Å"Sorry I haven't come to visit you, but it looks like my brother's taken good care of you.† â€Å"Actually, Katherine's taken a shine to her. Which is too bad for her own horses.† Damon smiled fondly as he jerked his chin to two coal- black mares in the corner. Indeed, they were stamping their feet and staring at the ground dejectedly, as if to express just how ignored and lonely they were. â€Å"Y ou've been spending quite a bit of time with Katherine,† I said finally. It was a statement, not a question. Of course he had been. Damon always had an ease around women. I knew he knew women, especially after his year in the Confederate army. He'd told me stories about some of the women he'd met in cities like Atlanta and Lexington that had made me blush. Did he know Katherine? â€Å"I have been,† Damon said, swinging his leg over the back of his horse, Jake. He didn't elaborate. â€Å"Ready, boys?† Father called, his horse impatiently stamping its feet. I nodded and fell into stride behind Damon and Father as we headed to the Wickery Bridge, all the way on the other end of the property. We crossed the bridge and continued on into the forest. I blinked in relief. The sunlight had been too bright. I much preferred the dark shadows of the trees. The woods were cool, with wet leaves covering the forest floor, even though there hadn't been a rainstorm recently. The leaves were so thick, you could see only slight patches of blue sky, and occasionally I'd hear the rustle of a raccoon or badger in the underbrush. I tried not to think of the animal noises as coming from the beast that had attacked Rosalyn. We continued riding into the forest until we reached the clearing. Father abruptly stopped and hitched his horse to a birch tree. I obediently hitched Mezzanotte to a tree and glanced around. The clearing was marked by a collection of rocks set up in a rough circle, above which the trees parted to provide a natural window to the sky. I hadn't been there in ages, not since before Damon went away. When we were boys, we used to play illicit card games here with the other fellows in town. Everyone knew the clearing was the place boys came to gamble, girls came to gossip, and everyone came to spill their secrets. If Father really meant to keep our conversation quiet, he'd have been better off taking us to the tavern to talk. â€Å"We're in trouble,† Father said without preamble, glancing up at the sky. I followed his gaze, expecting to see a fast-moving summer storm. Instead, the sky was spotless and blue. I found no solace in this beautiful day. I was still haunted by Rosalyn's lifeless eyes. â€Å"We're not, Father,† Damon said thickly. â€Å"Y ou know who's in trouble? All of the soldiers fighting this godforsaken war for this cause you've made me try to believe in. The problem is the war and your incessant need to find conflict everywhere you turn.† Damon angrily stomped his feet, reminding me so much of Mezzanotte that I stifled the urge to laugh. â€Å"I will not have you talk back to me!† Father said, shaking his fist at Damon. I glanced back and forth at the two of them, as though I were watching a tennis match. Damon towered over Father's sloping shoulders, and for the first time I realized that Father was getting old. Damon put his hands on his hips. â€Å"Then talk. Let's hear what you have to say.† I expected Father to shout, but instead he crossed to one of the rocks, his knees creaking as he bent to sit. â€Å"Y want to know why I left Italy? ou I left it for you. For my future children. I knew I wanted my sons to grow and marry and have children on land I owned and land I loved. And I do love this land, and I will not watch it be destroyed by demons,† Father said, flinging his hands wildly. I stepped back, and Mezzanotte whinnied a long, plaintive note. â€Å"Demons,† he repeated, as if to prove his point. â€Å"Demons?† Damon snorted. â€Å"More like big dogs. Don't you see it's talk like this that will make you lose everything? Y say you want a good life ou for us, but you're always deciding how we'll live that life. Y made me go to war and made Stefan ou get engaged, and now you're making us believe your fairy tales,† Damon yelled in frustration. I glanced at Father guiltily. I didn't want him to know I hadn't loved Rosalyn. But Father didn't look at me. He was too busy glowering at Damon. â€Å"All I wanted was for my boys to have the best. I know what we're facing, and I do not have time for your schoolboy arguments. I am not telling tales right now.† Father glanced back at me, and I forced myself to look into his dark eyes. â€Å"Please understand. There are demons who walk among us. They existed in the old country, too. They walked the same earth, talked like humans. But they wouldn't drink like humans.† â€Å"Well, if they don't drink wine, that would be a blessing, wouldn't it?† Damon asked sarcastically. blessing, wouldn't it?† Damon asked sarcastically. I stiffened. I remembered all the times after Mother had died that Father would drink too much wine or whiskey, lock himself in the study, then mumble late into the night about ghosts or demons. â€Å"Damon!† Father said, his voice even sharper than my brother's. â€Å"I will ignore your impudence. But I will not have you ignore me. Listen to me, Stefan.† Father turned toward me. â€Å"What you saw happen to your young Rosalyn wasn't natural. It wasn't one of Damon's coyotes,† Father said, practically spitting out the word. â€Å"It was un vampiro. They were in the old country, and now they're here,† Father said, screwing up his florid face. â€Å"And they are doing harm. They're feeding on us. And we need to stop it.† â€Å"What do you mean?† I asked nervously, any trace of exhaustion or dizziness gone. All I felt was fear. I thought back to Rosalyn, but this time, instead of remembering her eyes, I remembered the blood on her throat, having flowed from the two precise circles on the side of her neck. I touched my own neck, feeling the pulse of blood beneath my skin. The rush below my fingers sped up as I felt my heart skip a beat. Could Father be †¦ right? â€Å"Father means that he's been spending too much time listening to the church ladies tell their tales. Father, this is a story that would be told to scare a child. And not a very clever one. Everything you're saying is nonsense.† Damon shook his head and angrily stood from his perch on the tree stump. â€Å"I will not sit around and be told ghost stories.† With that, he turned on his gold- buttoned boot and swung his foot up over Jake's back, gazing down at Father, as if daring him to say one more thing. â€Å"Mark my words,† Father said, taking a step closer to me. â€Å"Vampires are among us. They look like us and can live among us, but they are not who we are. They drink blood. It is their elixir of life. They do not have souls, and they never die. They are forever immortal.† The word immortal made me suck in my breath. The wind changed, and the leaves began rustling. I shivered. â€Å"Vampires,† I repeated slowly. I'd heard the word once before, when Damon and I were schoolchildren and used to gather on the Wickery Bridge, trying to scare our friends. One boy had told us of seeing a figure kneeling down in the woods, feasting on the neck of a deer. The boy told us he had screamed and the figure had turned to him with hellred eyes, blood dripping from long, sharp teeth. A vampire, he said with conviction, glancing around the circle to see if he'd impressed any of us. But because he'd been pale and scrawny and not any good at shooting, we'd laughed and mocked him mercilessly. He and his family had moved to Richmond the next year. â€Å"Well, I'd take vampires over an insane father,† Damon said, kicking Jake's flanks and riding off into the sunset. I turned toward Father, expecting an angry tirade. But Father simply shook his head. â€Å"Do you believe me, son?† he asked. I nodded, even though I wasn't sure what I believed. All I knew was that somehow, in the past week, the whole world had changed, and I wasn't sure where I fit in anymore. â€Å"Good.† Father nodded as we rode out of the forest and onto the bridge. â€Å"We must be careful. It seems the war has awakened the vampires. It's as if they can smell blood.† The word blood echoed in my mind as we directed our horses to walk away from the cemetery and toward the shortcut through the fields that would lead to the pond. In the distance, I could see the sun reflecting on the pond's surface. No one would ever imagine this verdant, rolling land as being a place where demons walked. Demons, if they existed at all, belonged in the old country, amid the decrepit churches and castles Father had grown up with. All the words Father said were familiar, but they sounded so strange in the place where he was saying them. Father glanced around as if to make sure no one was hiding in the bushes near the bridge. The horses were walking alongside the graveyard now, the headstones bright and imposing in the now, the headstones bright and imposing in the warm summer light. â€Å"Blood is what they feed on. It gives them power.† â€Å"But then †¦,† I said, as the information whirled in my brain. â€Å"If they are immortal, then how are we to †¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Kill them?† Father asked, finishing my thought. He pulled the reins on his horse. â€Å"There are methods. I've been learning. I've heard there's a priest in Richmond who can try to exorcise them, but then people in town know †¦ some things,† he finished. â€Å"Jonathan Gilbert and Sheriff Forbes and I have discussed some preliminary measures.† â€Å"If there's anything I can do †¦,† I offered finally, unsure what to say. â€Å"Of course,† Father said brusquely. â€Å"I expect you to be part of our committee. For starters, I've been talking to Cordelia. She knows her herbs, and she says there's a plant called vervain.† Father's hand fluttered to the flower on his lapel. â€Å"We will come up with a plan. And we will prevail. Because while they may have immortality, we have God on our side. It is kill or be killed. Do you understand me, boy? This is the war you're being drafted to fight.† I nodded, feeling the full weight of the responsibility on my shoulders. Maybe this was what I was meant to be doing: not getting married or going off to war, but fighting an unnatural evil. I met Father's gaze. â€Å"I'll do whatever you want,† I said. â€Å"Anything.† The last thing I saw before I galloped back to the stable was the huge grin on Father's face. â€Å"I knew you would, son. Y are a true Salvatore.†

Cellphones are not necessary in teenagers’ lives Essay

No, cellphones are not necessary in teenagers’ lives. I admit this because I think cellphones ruin teenagers’ social life. First of all, teens like to use their cellphones to text. Something that is wrong about this is that these teenagers only will talk over text but, never face to face. Besides texting on their phone, they also like to go on social networks such as Twitter, Instagram, Facebook, and Tumblr. Other teens that use these social networks can start rumors about you that may or may not be true. This can lead to people talking behind your back at school and not having any friends that want to talk to you. Furthermore, teenagers having a cellphone can stop them from going out as much. The advantage of going out with yours friends is to socialize and have fun. There would be no point to going out if you have a cellphone because you can just call each other or talk online. These are a few examples of how having a cellphone can ruin a teenagers’ social life. As a teenager having a cellphone distracts me on a daily basis. For instance, when having a conversation with someone it makes it hard for me to concentrate to what the person in front of me is saying when an incoming message is sent. Also, having a cellphone beside you while doing your homework is not a great idea. While doing your homework you can randomly get a text message or a notification which makes it hard to focus on your work and easy to get distracted by your phone. So instead of doing your homework you will probably be playing a game on your phone. In addition to getting distracted while doing homework, teenagers also get distracted while doing their chores. This can lead them to not getting their chores done and later on getting in trouble by their parents. In brief, being a teenager and having a cellphone distracts me in many ways and most likely distracts other teenagers as well. Finally, having a cellphone when you are a teenager lacks productivity. Teenagers sit somewhere for hours doing nothing that is important. For example, you go on your phone and check your Twitter, Tumblr, and Instagram over and over again. Also, teenagers get so attached to their phone that they forget about their homework and the next day try to come up with excuses on why it is not done. Teenagers should go outside and breathe the fresh air but when you are on your phone you manage to sit around for hours which is not very healthy for your body.

Intergumentary System

Integumentary System Laszlo Vass, Ed. D. Version 42-0280-00-01 Lab Report Assistant This document is not meant to be a substitute for a formal laboratory report. The Lab Report Assistant is simply a summary of the experiment’s questions, diagrams if needed, and data tables that should be addressed in a formal lab report. The intent is to facilitate students’ writing of lab reports by providing this information in an editable file which can be sent to an instructor. Purpose: What is the purpose of this exercise? The purpose of this exercise in to learn about structures and functions of the skin.Is there any safety concerns associated with this exercise? If so, list what they are and what precautions should be taken. As always take precautions when handling the microscope and slides and always have a clean safe work area. Exercise 1: Structures of the Skin Observations Before beginning, set up a data table similar to this Data Table 1. Fill in the names of the numbered st ructures. Skin Diagram (National Library of Medicine at http://nih. nlm. gov) Data Table 1: Structures of Skin| Item| Name| 1. | Hair shaft | 2. | Arrector pili muscle | 3. Sebaceous gland | 4. | Hair follicle | 5. | Sweat gland | 6. | Pacinian corpuscle | 7. | Subcutis (hypodermis) | 8. | Dermis | 9. | Epidermis | 10. | Sensory nerve ending | 11. | Dermal papilla | 12. | Sweat pore | Questions A. How does the skin tan when exposed to ultraviolet light? When ultraviolet light penetrates skin it begins to break down DNA causing the body to produce melanin. The melanin makes the body become darker or tanner and when the body is darker the more protected it is from the sun and sunburn. B. Describe the functions of the epidermis.The epidermis is the outermost layer that has keratinized squamous epithelium and the dermis. The epidermis has a bunch of different cells which allow it to perform many different functions. The keratinocytes produce keratin that produce fibrous protein that giv es skin protective properties while the melanocytes produce melanin to protect deeper cells from ultraviolet radiation and allows the skin to tan. Merkel cells from sensitive touch receptors on nerve endings and langerhans’ cells are involved in the immune response of the skin. Stratum basale constantly go through cell division to produce million of new skin daily. Stratum spinosum has think bundles of protein and stratum granulosum contain lipids that provide waterproofing for the skin. The stratum lucidum is a layer of flattened keratinocytes are only found in thick skin. Stratum corneum is the outer layer of the epidermis made of squished and flattened layers of dead keratinocytes. C. Describe the functions of the sweat glands. Sweat glands are controlled by sympathetic nervous system and regulate body temperature.When the body becomes to hot they secrete water to the skin surface and the heat is removed by evaporation. D. Compare the structure of the epidermis to that of the dermis. The epidermis consists of several different types of cells while the dermis canonists of dense, irregular connective tissue. E. Fill in the following table by either inserting the name of the structure/cell or by giving its function(s): Structure/Cell| Function(s)| melanocytes| Makes a pigment for tanning| Langerhans cells| Small and involved in the immune response| Merkel cells | Found on nerve endings|Stratum lucidum| Provides protection, thick found of palms a soles makes skin waterproof | Reticular layer | The blood supply here provides radiational cooling for the body| Exercise 2: Microscopic Structure of the Skin Observations Sketch and label your keratinized stratified squamous epithelium slide in the space below. Be sure to label all of the structures in the epidermis and dermis you were able to find: Questions A. Compare your slide to the photomicrograph example in the lab Procedure. How are they the same and how are they different?Propose a reason why you would see several differences between different slides of skin. B. What is keratin? Is fibrous protein that gives the skin its protective properties? C. Why is skin keratinized? Keratinized cells give skin a tough protective barrier. After a cell is born it begins to make protein called keratin that they store inside them. As the cells grow they build up with this protein until their so full they die forming a tough layer of packets of keratin. Exercise 3: Clinical Conditions of the Skin Questions A. What are the three types of skin cancer?Squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and melanoma B. Which type of skin cancer is easily treatable? Basal cell carcinoma C. Explain why melanoma is so dangerous. Melanoma can spread to other areas of the body. D. What factors can cause acne? Acne is caused when sebum isn’t able to pass through the hair follicle. This causes cells from the lining of the follicle to shed to fast and clump together clogging up the follicle’s openi ng so sebum cannot get through. E. What is a common myth about the cause of acne?Eating chocolate, greasy food or dirty skin F. What are some treatments for acne? Dermatologists use a medication that reduces clumps of cells in the follicles, oil production, bacteria, and inflammation. Depending on the case of the acne the doctor may prescribe a topical medication or an oral medication. G. Describe the signs of first, second and third degree burns. First- affects only the outer layer, epidermis. Second- damage the epidermis and the dermis Third- involve damage or complete destruction to the fullest depth of the skin and underlying tissue. H. What are the principle effects of aging on the skin?

History Sba

Acknowledgement First I would like to thank god for giving me the strength and ability to complete this project. I would also like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to the following persons who have made the completion of this assignment possible. My Teacher, Mr. Harvey, for giving me this project as I have learnt many things about The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, the effects it had on Africa and African arrival into the new world. My Bother, who helped me with the collection of data and My family and friends for the constant reminders and encouragement to remain committed to the task at hand. Table of ContentsTopics Page # Introduction iv The Negative And Postive Effects of The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade: 1 Negative Social Effects 2-3 Negative Economical Effects 4-5 Negative Political Effects 6-7Positive Effects 8 Conclusion 9 Bibliography 10 Appendices 11 Candidate’s Name: Toniqui Adams Candidate’s #: Centre #: School’s Name: Meadowbrook HighIntroduction Th is project will be about the Effects the Atlantic slave trade, also known as the Transatlantic slave trade had on Africa, this was the trade of African people supplied to the colonies of the New World that occurred in and around the Atlantic Ocean. It lasted from the 16th century to the 19th century. Most slaves were shipped from West Africa and Central Africa and taken to the New World . Generally slaves were obtained through coastal trading with Africans, though some were captured by European slave traders through raids and kidnapping and this led to the great period ofAfrican hardship, turmoil and the coming of Africans to the New World now known as North, Central and South America and the West Indies. The main aim of this project is to show whether the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade had more negative effects than positive effects on Africa. Negative Social Effects The trans-Atlantic had a lot of negative social effects as it led to the removal of millions of young men and women led to depopulation that stifled African creativity and production. It led to general feeling of insecurity in African societies as Africans ere afraid of being captured and then enslaved, which caused persons to abandon their homes and relocate to be secure from the threat of slave raids and some areas however encountered overpopulation as people sought safety and protection from the trade, in remote areas where the soil was not so good and they were unable to grow enough crops to feed themselves. Africa became a continent of violence, war, fear and famine. The men who remained or was left behind in Africa began to take on second and third wives, mostly to produce more children, a ready source for the slave market.As greed and insatiability for money grew, raising children became a business many women often had their children kidnapped and enslaved. Africa also lost more men than women in the slave trade and this caused the balance of society to be distorted. This eventually generated crucial environmental effects. The trade contributed to the diminishing of brotherhood and community spirit in African societies as Africans began to capture other Africans for money and European wealth, communities fell apart because of slave raids which destroyed villages and left some Africans dead and others homeless.It also led to the degrading of certain religious cultures, as they were warped to complete the needs of the slave trade. Kings, chiefs and rich merchants exploited the common people by bartering them to African traders and Europeans for guns, cloth and metal wears. (Appendix 1) According to J. D Fage â€Å"King Tegbesu of Dahomey made ? 250,00 a year by selling slaves in 1750, this was even more than an English duke’s income. † Families were also disrupted, they were left with orphans, families with single parents and in some cases some families did not survive slave raids. In addition they did not have the ccustomed support system as to help in provi ding security, health and community spirit. It also led to some Africans losing their culture and some lost their identity as they were brought to the New World (Appendix 2) and was exposed in learning the cultures of the Americas and the language and names used in the Americas this led to persons cutting their ties with their culture in Africa. The Slave Trade led to the Africans having low self-esteem because they were effectively turned into a commodity to facilitate the trade, that impacted the self image of the Africans despite heir enormous amount of talent, and resources that the continent and its people are endowed with. So most Africans today, see themselves as inferior to Europeans. Negative Economical Effects on Africa The Trans-Atlantic slave trade had crucial negative economical effects on Africa. It caused a downfall of Africa’s economy as it stifled technological advancement, and created a class of elite rulers and traders. It led to many of Africa’s coa stal areas being dependent on slavery and human merchandise as many of Africa’s coastal areas had been exchanging humans for merchandise for centuries.Their economies were geared to slave exporting, and they were dependent on the commodities they obtained for slaves. Ceasing the slave trade caused economic hardship, especially for groups who had no products to substitute for slave exports. It also led to a decline in agriculture, owing to the devastation of land during slave raids and wars, the capture of farmers, and the abandonment, by farmers, of in favour of slavery. The mining industry was also ruined and the economy dominated by slaving and imported manufactured goods from Europe. Imports like firearms which helped ncreased inter-tribal wars, led to Africa giving away a lot of their wealth buying British-made firearms (of very poor quality) and industrial-grade alcohol. The trade robbed Africa of skilled craftsmen and helped to ruin the livelihood of those craftsmen who remained, for example cloth, iron, pots and hoes, were imported goods made in European factories, which were cheaper than the locally produced ones, and were bought with slaves. The Trade Brought underdevelopment to Africa as they were trading all their wealth and skilled persons to the Europeans for simple European goods and not luxury goods.Hugh Thomas stated that â€Å"The shortage of blacks threatened the total ruin of the kingdom , for the black slave is the basis of the hacienda and the source of wealth which the realm produced. † The continent’s human resources were kidnapped, kept in dehumanizing Barracoons (appendix 3) and sold out to eager and willing buyers and were shipped in more barbaric and appalling conditions (Appendix 4) on the slave ships to the New World where most of them died or laboured perpetually to build the New World without due compensation and thus Africa was raped of future leaders, prospective uilders and this led to Africa setting back a lot of progress made by many African Societies. The trade led to an influx of interior European goods and this undermined local industries, especially salt-making, the manufacturers of cotton goods and metal- ware. It about a sense of insecurity that discouraged economic enterprises and it also led to some traditional art being inferior to those previously produced and thus Africa lost out on the creative art works because its standards became very low. Africa’s wealth began to drift and went to European countries and thus Africa became nderdeveloped and began to suffer an economical crisis. Negative Political Effects The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade had major negative political effects on Africa. It led to a rise of professional armies as big the influence the European imported guns had on Africa. This however, many wars and conflicts among Africans because the demand for slaves usually went hand in hand with the demand for guns. The slave trade caused political instability, weakened states, promoted political fragmentation and resulted in a deterioration of domestic legal institutions.In many cases the village chiefs had a say in the negative effects on Africa as most of them were corrupted and greedy for European wealth. The village leaders made laws and if disobeyed Africans would be punished by being sold into slavery to the Europeans. The political system was undermined and in addition the legal system was also undermined. This was because the feeling of Superiority the village chief felt with guns. This led to military skills in some areas becoming more important than the traditional political systems. States such as Benin , Oyo and Dahomey acquired the trength to expand and impose their authority upon their neighbours from the economic prosperity derived from the slave trade. The influence of the trade tended strongly towards the corruption of the judicial process, with law breakers being often sentenced to slavery for minor offences and the inn ocent declared guilty in order to augment the supply of slaves. Aggressive tribalism increased, and in some cases whole tribes and nations were virtually destroyed as a result. Slave trading built up the power of chiefs where it was already present, from a broadly representative character into an autocratic one.It also caused an emergency of a number of large and powerful kingdoms that relied on a militaristic culture of constant warfare to generate the great numbers of human captives required for the trade with the Europeans. Some kingdoms began to expand rapidly as a result of this commerce trading slaves for firearms. These kingdoms with their formidable army, aided by advanced iron technology, captured immense numbers of slaves that were profitably sold to traders. The aggressive pursuit of slaves through warfare and raiding led to the ascent of these kingdoms being a major slave exporter.Positive Effects In spite of being overwhelmingly detrimental to Africa the slave trade did have some positive effects. Social Effects It brought about into being a class of merchants and businessmen who were able to meet and deal with their counterparts on equal terms, and the entrepreneurial spirit of West Africans stimulated as a result. Economic Effects Agriculture production in the coastal areas received a boost, brought about by the demand for provisions for both the slave ships and the prisons in which the slaves were kept before being shipped. The crops grown included maize and cassava, Appendix 5) both of these had been introduced from the Americas by the slave trade, and both became staple crops of Africa. Political Effects. There were political benefits to Africa from the slave trade because some members of the African elite benefited from the trade. Some of them were directly involved in the trade and gained a lot of firearms and European wealth and thus making them wealthy in their villages . Conclusion The immense misery and suffering prod-Atlantic slave tra de cannot be measured. It was the greatest and most inhumane trade of this type the world has ver known, far worse than that of the Arab slave trade, or that carried on across the Sahara. It can be said that a few positive effects that Africa gained was only beneficial for slave traders, Europeans and village chiefs and was nothing compared to the turmoil and suffering that was bestowed on Africa. The rights that were deprived from the Africans, millions of lives were lost, families were torn apart and Africa was destroyed in all aspects. It breathed such new life into African slavery that by the beginning of the twentieth century there were still several million slaves to be found in Africa.The shortage of man power had a great economic impact and this helped to destroy Africa’s valuable economy. Africa was so ruined that the few positive effects could not heal Africa’s slavery scars and it is perhaps not too difficult to see a connection between Africa then and the u nder-development of present day Africa. Bibliography Claypole, W. and John Robottom, Caribbean Story, Book one: Longman Publishers, 1990 Hamilton-Willie, D. Lest You forget, Caribbean Economy and Slavery: Jamaica Publishing House Ltd, 2001. Greenwood, R. and Hamber, S, Amerindians to Africans: Macmillan Publishers Ltd, 2003J. D Fage , The History Of West Africa: Cambridge University Press Publishers, 1969. Hugh Thomas, The Slave Trade, The Story Of The Trans Atlantic Slave Trade, 1440-1870: Simon & Schuster Publishers Ltd, 1997. Websites: Africanhistory. about. com Antislavery. org Appendix 1 Osnaburg Cloth and Guns traded for slaves. Appendix 2 Slaves Conformed on the plantations wearing Osnaburg Clothes. Appendix 3 Slave Barracoon Appendix 4 Slaves chained aboard the ship in barbaric conditions. Appendix 5 Crops Gown on the coast to provide food for the slave ships (Cassava and Maize).

Rewrite sentences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rewrite sentences - Essay Example Yoruba lies in the Southwestern Nigeria and Benin of Africa. It is said to be populated with one million people. It Ancestry was a myth. State formation began with trading first among themselves then later, with neighboring areas. They are credited for carving mountains into farms which they planted with yams, coco yams and bananas. Copper is an important commodity for the Yurobians, but its beginnings were doubted from where they came from. They traded these crops and copper with horses and salt. Later on Yorubians used these horses to form a cavalry to expand its territories. As they expanded trade with Europeans, slavery began because the rulers began to export slaves by as many as 20,000 per year during 1630 to 1730. Its political communities were developed as villages that later on turned into a kingship led by a leader Oduduwa wherein people believed was sent by the Creator to establish lands and kingdoms. Second state is Benin Kingdom. Political reforms as well a trade were th e greatest contributions of the first king of Benin. During this period, the Oba Ewuware, the first king introduced the law of succession, the primogeniture, a rule that father should be succeeded by his son whom they called Oba. Oba Ewuware formed a government with checks and balances powers, created and appointed chiefs as what we may call cabinet misters today. He created opportunities for advancement of the people through grades and authority. However, even there were appeals for freedom of slaves, but people were not given these opportunities. Trade with Portuguese continued to be a pillar of growth since the Oba has a monopoly of trade of pepper, ivory and copper. This period also reflected the spread of artisan craft of items made from brass, and the abolition of slave trade in 1807. Asante is one of the richest states in the African region because of its gold. They used gold to purchase slaves to do the gold mining for them to expand production. The slaves were also instrume ntal in introducing agriculture to the land as they cleared dense forests, and planted wide variety of crops brought to Africa by the Europeans. The clearing of forests gave way for the development of communities. As things developed, the earlier peaceful community was ruled by politically ambitious group that wanted to control the gold production. This showed the way to warring factions that created wars and havocs to the people. d. Luba and Kuba Infrastructure developments through cooperative efforts of the people of the village gave way to the productive lifestyle of the people. Its marshy environment led the people to build dikes, drainage channels and dams to store water for dry season-fishing. Historians believed that the large scale public cooperation in Luba led the people of the village to a political community. Organized community led people to manage its resources as people lived continuously on the place as fishing village, and workings on iron. By the turn of the 10th c entury, people had diversified economy with trading their fish, farm products, and metals with salt and iron items, imported glass beads and cowry shells from the distant Indian Ocean. Next to infrastructure, trade largely contributed to its development. Copper was abundant in this side of Africa. In Kuba, growth was funneled by agriculture production of various crops. The introduction of taxes by the governmente brought to the division of labor between men and women, lowering of marrying age of young male to draw them

Trusts and Equity Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Trusts and Equity - Coursework Example Trustees of Trust have many responsibilities in the exercising of their duties as a trustee. The areas that often posses most difficulties for trustees and is most often misinterpreted, in this area of investment. The Trustee Act 1956 followed an approach of a permitted legal list can be amended from time to time by the new categories if investment. However even though there are no restrictions on the type of investment the trustees can make. There is a general requirement that a trustee exercising any power of investment shall exercise the care, diligence and skill that a prudent person of business the affair of authors. Adam and Beth should consider to take the investment idea that investment advisor have proposed to them. They can invest in stock exchange in order to reduce the risk for losing a lot of money in their investment. The act allows the trustees to invest in any asset as if they were absolutely entitled. The power to invest can be overridden or amended by any investment powers in the trust deed. Typically, these allow trustees to invest in a wide range of investment such as life assurance products, deposits and shares. When selecting investment like investing in shares, the trustees are required to regard the standard vestment criteria that the investment should be suitable and diversified. In order to meet the requirement of the Trustee amendment Act, it is strongly recommended that trustee should work with qualified financial planner who has experience in trustee investment. It should be noted that the investment strategy applied to the trust assets like those shares that Adam and Beth have in that private company can be significantly different than that for an individual. This is because a trust can have different classes of beneficiaries such as income beneficiaries and capital beneficiaries. Modern trusts tend to be fully discretionary trust which will require the trustees to carefully balance all the interest of their beneficiaries.

Shopping trends and how we spend money assignment

Shopping trends and how we spend money - Assignment Example Rather than buy separate ingredients (as in the case of the macaroni salad) and put them together ourselves, we simply go to the store and pay one price for a pre-packaged macaroni salad that someone has already put together for us. The trouble comes in the fact that this person has not done so out of the goodness of their heart – they have been paid to do this, and the cost that we pay for the salad reflects that. Another reason that the price is higher is the packaging. While the material of the packaging itself is probably no different than that of other foods, the bottom line is competition in this instance. The store is competing with other brands and ingredients to have you buy their prepackaged items, regardless of price. Do they want you to buy them? Of course! Therefore they must spend time and money on attractive packaging to make the consumer that is tired and hungry walking through the store say, â€Å"Oh. I’ll just grab this and we’ll have it with dinner.† On the whole, it came as no surprise to me that the average cost per pound of packaged food was higher than that of fresh fruit or vegetables. When packaged goods are offered to consumers, the price must reflect handling, shipping, packaging, and work needed to put together the